Решения Европейского Суда по делам
против России
На русском
FIRST SECTION
CASE OF
YAVORIVSKAYA v. RUSSIA
(Application no. 34687/02)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
21 July 2005
This judgment will become
final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may
be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Yavorivskaya v.
Russia,
The European Court of Human Rights (First
Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Mr C.L.
Rozakis,
President,
Mr P.
Lorenzen,
Mrs N.
Vajić,
Mrs S.
Botoucharova,
Mr A.
Kovler,
Mrs E.
Steiner,
Mr K.
Hajiyev,
judges,
and Mr S.
Quesada,
Deputy Section
Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 30 June 2005,
Delivers the following judgment, which was
adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application (no.
34687/02) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34
of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the
Convention”) by a Ukrainian national, Ms Natalya Alimpiyevna
Yavorivskaya, on 18 August 2002.
2. The applicant was represented by Mr M. Karchevskiy,
a lawyer practising in Ternopil, Ukraine. The Russian Government (“the
Government”) were represented by Mr P. Laptev, Representative of the Russian
Federation at the European Court of Human Rights.
3. The applicant alleged, in particular, a
violation of her Convention rights in that a final judgment in her favour had
not been enforced.
4. The application was allocated to the First
Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section,
the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was
constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.
5. By a decision of 13 May 2004, the Court
declared the application partly admissible.
6. On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the
composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly
composed First Section (Rule 52 § 1).
7. The Government, but not the applicant, filed
observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). The Ukrainian Government did not
exercise their right to intervene (Rule 36 § 1 of the Convention).
THE FACTS
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
8. The applicant was born in 1965 and lives in
Ternopil, Ukraine.
9. From 1996 to 2000 the applicant and her
family lived and worked in the Chukotka Region in the Russian Federation.
10. In the winter of 1998 the applicant was
taken to a hospital in the town of Bilibino. According to the applicant, local
doctors failed to diagnose her correctly and provide adequate treatment; as a
result her health was seriously damaged.
11. In August 1998 the applicant brought a
medical malpractice suit against the municipal health protection institution
“Bilibino Central District Hospital” (муниципальное
учреждение здравоохранения «Билибинская центральная районная больница»).
12. On 21 February 2000 the Bilibinskiy
District Court of the Chukotka Region allowed the applicant's action and awarded
her RUR 60,000 (EUR 2,109). The judgment was not appealed against and on 1 March
2000 it became final and enforceable.
13. After the hospital had failed to pay the
judgment debt for over a year the applicant sent complaints to the President of
the Russian Federation, the Minister of Health, the Court Bailiffs' Service and
other authorities.
14. On 15 November 2001 the Chukotka Regional
Department of the Ministry of Justice (in charge of the court bailiffs) advised
the applicant as follows:
“...it was established that the debtor had no cash funds
in its accounts. According to its founding documents, the debtor is an
institution and, pursuant to Article 120 of the Civil Code, an institution is
only liable to the extent of its cash funds. Article 298 § 1 of the Civil Code
provides that an institution may not alienate or otherwise dispose of the
property attached to it or of the property acquired at the expense [of its owner].
In accordance with Information Letter no. 45 of the
Presidium of the Supreme Commercial Court of the Russian Federation of 14 July
1999 'On the recovery out of the property of an institution', if the debtor, who
is an institution, lacks cash funds, then recovery is not possible out of the
other property assigned to the institution by its owner...”
15. The Justice Department further informed the
applicant that the enforcement proceedings had been closed on 30 November 2000
because the enforcement had been impossible, but it was open for the applicant
to initiate the enforcement proceedings again.
16. On 29 November 2001 the Chukotka Regional
Department of the Ministry of Justice forwarded the applicant's complaint to the
chief court bailiff of the Bilibino District, for enforcement.
17. On 10 December 2001 the Chukotka Regional
Department of the Ministry of Justice responded to the applicant and gave the
same explanation as in the letter of 15 November 2001. It also added that in
respect of the hospital there were several other enforcement proceedings having
the first and second rank, whilst the applicant's claim only had the fifth rank.
18. On 18 January 2002 a court bailiff
confirmed again that the hospital had no cash funds and that the recovery could
not be made out of its property.
19. On 28 January 2002 the bailiff required the
Bilibino clearing centre to seize the cash funds of the hospital.
20. On 6 February 2002 the bailiff determined
that the enforcement was not possible due to the debtor's lack of funds. The
enforcement proceedings were definitively closed and the writ of execution was
returned to the applicant.
THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE
CONVENTION AND ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL NO. 1
21. The applicant complained that the judgment
of 21 February 2000 has not been enforced. The Court has considered that these
complaints fall to be examined under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article
1 of Protocol No. 1 (see
Burdov v.
Russia, no. 59498/00, § 26, ECHR 2002-III). Article 6, in the relevant
part, provides as follows:
“In the determination of his civil rights and obligations
..., everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal...”
Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 reads as follows:
“Every natural or legal person is entitled to the
peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his
possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided
for by law and by the general principles of international law.
The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way
impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to
control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure
the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.”
22. The Government, in their additional
observations of 30 August and 18 October 2004 following the Court's decision as
to the admissibility of the application on 13 May 2004, insisted that the
applicant should have sued the bailiffs in tort and/or attempted to recover the
amounts outstanding from the hospital owner (the local authority) which was
vicariously liable for the hospital debts. The Government made no comments on
the merits of the case.
23. The Court recalls that it has examined and
rejected these objections by the Government in its decision as to the
admissibility of the application on 13 May 2004. The Government did not furnish
any new elements that would warrant a fresh examination of the same issues. In
any event, the Court reiterates that, according to Rule 55 of the Rules of Court,
any plea of inadmissibility must be raised by the respondent Contracting Party
in its written or oral observations on the admissibility of the application
rather than during the procedure on the merits (see, most recently,
Prokopovich
v. Russia, no. 58255/00, § 29, ECHR 2004-... (extracts), with further
references). The Government's objection must therefore be dismissed.
24. Turning to the merits of the case, the
Court observes that on 21 February 2000 the applicant obtained a judgment in her
favour against the municipal hospital. As no appeal was lodged within the
established time-limit, the judgment became final and enforceable. However, it
has not been enforced to date.
25. The Court notes that the debtor in the
instant case has been a municipal institution owned and funded by the local
authority. According to the established case-law of the Convention organs,
agencies of local self-government are State organisations in the sense that they
are governed by public law and exercise public functions vested in them by the
Constitution and the laws. The Court reiterates that under the international law
the term “State organisation” is not limited only to organs of the central
Government. In cases where State power is decentralised it extends to any
national authority which exercises public functions (see
Gerasimova v.
Russia (dec.), no. 24669/02, 16 September 2004;
see also
Zhovner v.
Ukraine, no. 56848/00, § 37, 29 June 2004;
Piven v.
Ukraine, no. 56849/00, § 39, 29 June 2004). Accordingly, the Court finds
that the State has been responsible for the debt arising from the judgment of 21
February 2000.
26. The Court further notes that the judgment
has not been enforced because the hospital had no cash funds and, according to
the interpretation of the applicable laws given by the regional Justice
Department, recovery of debts from the other property was forbidden. Thus, the
applicant was in a stalemate as she could not receive the judgment debt until
such time as the local authority has credited the necessary amount to the
hospital's bank account. It does not appear, however, that the local authority
has taken any measures to comply with the judgment. In fact, the judgment has
remained without enforcement to date, that is for more than five years since it
was issued. The Government did not offer any justification for that omission.
27. The Court has frequently found violations
of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in cases
raising issues similar to the ones in the present case (see
Gizzatova, cited above, § 19 et seq.;
Wasserman v.
Russia, no. 15021/02, § 35 et seq., 18 November 2004;
Zhovner
and
Piven, cited above, § 37 et seq.;
Burdov,
cited above, § 34 et seq.).
28. Having examined the material submitted to
it, the Court notes that the Government have not put forward any fact or
argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion in the present
case. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court finds that by
failing for years to comply with the enforceable judgment in the applicant's
favour the domestic authorities prevented her from receiving the money she could
reasonably have expected to receive.
29. There has accordingly been a violation of
Article 6 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.
II. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE
CONVENTION
30. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of
the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High
Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court
shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
31. In respect of the pecuniary damage, the
applicant claimed the amount due to her under the judgment of 21 February 2000
which would have been equivalent to 10,000 US dollars before the sharp
devaluation of the Russian currency in August 1998. She claimed a further 10,000
euros (EUR) in respect of non-pecuniary damage.
32. The Government did not comment.
33. The Court reiterates that the most
appropriate form of redress in respect of a violation of Article 6 is to ensure
that the applicant as far as possible is put in the position in which he would
have been had the requirements of Article 6 not been disregarded (see
Piersack v. Belgium
(Article 50),
judgment of 26 October 1984, Series A no. 85, p. 16, § 12; and,
mutatis
mutandis,
Gençel v.
Turkey, no. 53431/99, § 27, 23 October 2003). The Court observes that the
enforcement proceedings in the present case were finally closed in 2002 and
neither party has indicated any possibility for their re-opening. Accordingly,
the enforcement of the judgment of 21 February 2000 is no longer possible. This
indicates the existence of a causal link between the violation found and the
alleged pecuniary damage. However, noting the fact that the judgment was given
in 2000, that is almost two years after the devaluation of the Russian currency
in August 1998, the Court does not discern a causal link between the violation
found and the applicant's claim to the pre-devaluation equivalent of the
judgment debt in US dollars. Having regard to the above considerations, the
Court awards the applicant EUR 2,109 in respect of the pecuniary damage, plus
any tax that may be chargeable on that amount.
34. The Court also accepts that the applicant
suffered distress because of the State authorities' failure to enforce a
judgment in her favour. However, the amount claimed in respect of non-pecuniary
damage appears excessive. The Court takes into account the amount and nature of
the award in the instant case, that is compensation for medical malpractice, a
long period of the authorities' inactivity, and the fact that the judgment has
not been enforced. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, it awards the
applicant EUR 4,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be
chargeable on that amount.
B. Costs and expenses
35. The applicant claimed EUR 200 for the
purchase of medicine, EUR 300 for the legal representation before the Court and
EUR 100 for secretarial and postal expenses.
36. The Government did not comment.
37. According to the Court's case-law, an
applicant is entitled to reimbursement of his costs and expenses only in so far
as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and
were reasonable as to quantum. It follows from a legal services contract of 27
October 2003 that the applicant paid Mr Karchevskiy a legal fee of EUR 150 and a
further EUR 100 for secretarial expenses. The applicant did not produce
documents in support of her further claims. Accordingly, the Court awards her
EUR 250 in respect of costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable on
that amount.
C. Default interest
38. The Court considers it appropriate that the
default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European
Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Holds
that there has been a violation of Article 6 of the Convention;
2. Holds
that there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1;
3. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the
applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final
according to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the following amounts:
(i) EUR 2,109 (two thousand one hundred nine euros)
in respect of the pecuniary damage,
(ii) EUR 4,000 (four thousand euros) in respect of
the non-pecuniary damage,
(iii) EUR 250 (two hundred fifty euros) in respect
of costs and expenses;
(iv) any tax that may be chargeable on the above
amounts;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned
three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above
amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central
Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
4. Dismisses
the remainder of the applicant's claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 21
July 2005, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Santiago
Quesada Christos
Rozakis
Deputy Registrar President
